Short chronology timeline

The ancient Near East Regions and States Mesopotamia • Sumer • Akkadian Empire • Babylonia • Assyria

Persia • Elam • Medes • Achaemenid Empire
Anatolia • Hittites • Hurrians • Neo-Hittite states • Urartu
The Levant • Phoenicia • Neo-Assyrian Empire • Neo-Babylonian Empire
Ancient Egypt

Archaeological Periods Chronology • Bronze Age • Bronze Age collapse • Iron AgeLanguages Assyriology • Cuneiform script

Sumerian • Elamite • Akkadian • Hittite • Hurrian • Urartian
Phoenician • Aramaic

Literature Sumerian literature • Babylonian literature • Hittite textsMythology Mesopotamian mythology • Babylonian mythology • Hittite mythologyOther topics Cuneiform law • Babylonian law • Assyrian law

Babylonian mathematics • Babylonian astronomy

The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC - 1686 BC and the sack of Babylon to 1531 BC.

The absolute 2nd millennium BC dates resulting from this decision currently have a majority (though not unanimous) support in academia, although the middle chronology (reign of Hammurabi 1792 BC - 1750 BC) is commonly encountered in older literature.

1 Early Bronze Age
- 1.1 Kings of Ebla
- 1.2 Sumer
2 Middle Bronze Age
3 Late Bronze Age
4 Iron Age
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Early Bronze Age

Estimation of absolute dates becomes possible in the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC. For the first half of the 3rd millennium, only very rough chronological matching of archaeological dates with written records is possible.

Kings of Ebla

Main article: Ebla

The city-states of Ebla and Mari contested for power at this time. Eventually, under Irkab-Damu, Ebla defeats Mari for control of the region just in time to face the rise of Uruk and Akkad. After years of back and forth, bla is destroyed by the Akkadian Empire. Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharoh Pepi I have been found in the wreckage of the city. [1]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Igrish-Halam circa 2300 BC Irkab-DamuContemporary of Iblul-Il of MariAr-Ennum or Reshi-Ennum Ibriumor EbriumContemporary of Tudiya of Assyria(treaty) Ibbi-Sipishor Ibbi-ZikirSon of Ibrium Dubuhu-Ada Ebla destroyed by Naram-Sinor Sargonof Akkad

Sumer

Further information: Sumerian king list
Third Dynasty of Uruk: Further information: Uruk

Lugal-zage-si of Umma briefly rules from Uruk after defeating Lagash, eventually falling to the emerging Akkadian Empire. [2]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Lugal-zage-si2295 BC – 2271 BC Defeats Urukaginaof Lagashand is in turn defeated by Sargon of Akkad

Dynasty of Akkad: Further information: Akkad

Since Akkad (or Agade), the capital of the Akkadian Empire has not yet been found, available chronological data comes from outlying locations like Elba, Tell Brak, Nippur, Susa and Tell Leilan. Clearly, the expansion of Akkad came under the rules of Sargon and Naram-sin. The last king of the empire, Shar-kali-sharri managed to mostly hold things together but upon his death, the empire fragmented. Finally, the city of Akkad itself is destroyed by the Guti. [3] [4] [5]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Sargon2270 BC – 2215 BC Rimush2214 BC – 2206 BC Son of Sargon Man-ishtishu2205 BC – 2191 BC Son of Sargon Naram-sin2190 BC – 2154 BC Grandson of Sargon Shar-kali-sharri2153 BC – 2129 BC Son of Naram-sin Irgigi Nanum Imi Ilulu Dudu2125 BC – 2104 BC Shu-Durul2104 BC – 2083 BC City of Akkad falls to the Guti

Gutian Kings: Further information: Gutian dynasty of Sumer

First appearing in the area during the reign of Sargon of Akkad, the Guti became a regional power after the decline of the Akkadian Empire following Shar-kali-sharri. The dynasty ends with the defeat of the last king, Tirigan, by Uruk. Only a handful of the Guti kings are attested to by inscriptions, aside from the Sumerian king list. [6]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Erridupizir2141 BC – 2138 BC Royal inscription at Nippur Imtaor Nibia2138 BC – 2135 BC Inkishush2135 BC – 2129 BC First Gutian ruler on the Sumerian king list Sarlagab2129 BC – 2126 BC Shulme2126 BC – 2120 BC Elulmesh or Silulumesh 2120 BC – 2114 BC Inimabakesh 2114 BC – 2109 BC Igeshaush or Igeaus 2109 BC – 2103 BC Yarlagab or Yarlaqaba 2103 BC – 2088 BC Ibate 2088 BC – 2085 BC Yarlangab or Yarla 2085 BC – 2082 BC Kurum 2082 BC – 2081 BC Apilkin or Habil-kin or Apil-kin 2081 BC – 2078 BC La-erabum 2078 BC – 2076 BC Mace head inscription Irarum 2076 BC – 2074 BC Ibranum 2074 BC – 2073 BC Hablum 2073 BC – 2071 BC Puzur-Suen 2071 BC – 2064 BC Son of Hablum Yarlaganda 2064 BC – 2057 BC Foundation inscription at UmmaSi-um or Si-u 2057 BC – 2050 BC Foundation inscription at Umma Tirigan2050 BC – 2050 BC Contemporary of Utu-hengalof Uruk

Second Dynasty of Lagash: Further information: Lagash

Following the collapse of the Akkadian Empire after Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad under pressure from the invading Gutians, Lagash gradually regained prominence. As a client state to the Gutian Kings, Lagash was extremely successful, peaking under the rule of Gudea. After the last Gutian King, Tirigan, was defeated, by Utu-hengal, Lagash came under the control of Ur under Ur-Namma. [7] Note that there is some indication that the order of the last two rulers of Lagash should be reversed. [8]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Lugalushumgal Puzer-MamaUr-Utu Ur-Mama Lu-Baba Lugula Kakuor KakugUr-Bau or Ur-baba 2093 BC – 2080 BC Gudea2080 BC – 2060 BC Son-in-law of Ur-baba Ur-Ningirsu 2060 BC – 2055 BC Son of Gudea Pirigme or Ugme 2055 BC – 2053 BC Grandson of Gudea Ur-gar 2053 BC – 2049 BC Nammahani 2049 BC – 2046 BC Grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Namma

Fifth Dynasty of Uruk: Further information: Uruk

Uniting various Sumerian city-states, Utu-hengal frees the region from the Gutians. Note that the Sumerian king list records a preceding 4th Dynasty of Uruk which is as yet unattested. [9]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Utu-hengal2055 BC – 2048 BC Appoints Ur-Nammaas governor of Ur

Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance): Main article: Third Dynasty of Ur

In an apparently peaceful transition, Ur came to power after the end of the reign of Utu-hengal of Uruk, with the first king, Ur-Namma, solidifying his power with the defeat of Lagash. By the dynasty's end with the destruction of Ur by Elamites and Shimashki, the dynasty included little more than the area around Ur. [10][11] [12]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Ur-Nammaor Ur-Engur2047 BC – 2030 BC Defeated Nammahani of Lagash; Contemporary of Utu-hengalof Uruk Shulgi2029 BC – 1982 BC Possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC[13]Amar-Suena1981 BC – 1973 BC Son of Shulgi Shu-Suen1972 BC – 1964 BC Ibbi-Suen1963 BC – 1940 BC Son of Shu-Suen

Middle Bronze Age

The Old Assyrian / Old Babylonian period (20th to 15th centuries)

First Dynasty of Isin: Further information: Isin

After Ishbi-Erra of Isin breaks away from the declining Third Dynasty of Ur under Ibbi-Suen, Isin reaches its peak under Ishme-Dagan. Weakened by attacks from the upstart Babylonians, Isin eventually falls to its rival Larsa under Rim-Sin I.[14][15]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Ishbi-Erra 1953 BC – 1921 BC Contemporary of Ibbi-Suenof Ur IIIShu-ilishu 1920 BC – 1911 BC Son of Ishbi-Erra Iddin-Dagan 1910 BC – 1890 BC Son of Shu-ilishu Ishme-Dagan1889 BC – 1871 BC Son of Iddin-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar1870 BC – 1860 BC Contemporary of Gungunumof LarsaUr-Ninurta 1859 BC – 1832 BC Contemporary of Abisareof LarsaBur-Suen 1831 BC – 1811 BC Son of Ur-Ninurta Lipit-Enlil 1810 BC – 1806 BC Son of Bur-Suen Erra-imitti or Ura-imitti 1805 BC – 1799 BC Enlil-bani 1798 BC – 1775 BC Contemporary of Sumu-la-Elof BabylonZambiya 1774 BC – 1772 BC Contemporary of Sin-Iqishamof LarsaIter-pisha 1771 BC – 1768 BC Ur-du-kuga 1767 BC – 1764 BC Suen-magir 1763 BC – 1753 BC Damiq-ilishu 1752 BC – 1730 BC Son of Suen-magir

Kings of Larsa: Further information: Larsa

The chronology of the Kingdom of Larsa is based mainly on the Larsa King List (Larsa Dynastic List), the Larsa Date Lists, and a number of royal inscriptions and commercial records. The Larsa King List was compiled in Babylon during the reign of Hammurabi, conqueror of Larsa. It is suspected that the list elevated the first several Amorite Isinite governors of Larsa to kingship so as to legitimize the rule of the Amorite Babylonians over Larsa. After a period of Babylonian occupation, Larsa briefly breaks free in a revolt ended by the death of the last king, Rim-Sin II.[16] [17] [18]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Naplanum1961 BC – 1940 BC Contemporary of Ibbi-Suenof Ur III Emisum1940 BC – 1912 BC Samium1912 BC – 1877 BC Zabaia1877 BC – 1868 BC Son of Samium, First royal inscription Gungunum1868 BC – 1841 BC Gained independence from Lipit-Eshtarof Isin Abisare1841 BC – 1830 BC Sumuel1830 BC – 1801 BC Nur-Adad1801 BC – 1785 BC Contemporary of Sumu-la-Elof Babylon Sin-Iddinam1785 BC – 1778 BC Son of Nur-Adad Sin-Eribam1778 BC – 1776 BC Sin-Iqisham1776 BC – 1771 BC Contemporary of Zambiya of Isin, Son of Sin-Eribam Silli-Adad1771 BC – 1770 BC Warad-Sin1770 BC – 1758 BC Possible co-regency with Kudur-Mabukhis father Rim-Sin I1758 BC – 1699 BC Contemporary of Irdanene of Uruk, Defeated by Hammurabiof Babylon, Brother of Warad-Sin Hammurabiof Babylon1699 BC – 1686 BC Official Babylonian rule Samsu-ilunaof Babylon1686 BC – 1678 BC Official Babylonian rule Rim-Sin II1678 BC – 1674 BC Killed in revolt against Babylon

First Babylonian Dynasty (Dynasty I): Main article: First Babylonian Dynasty

Following the fall of the Ur III Dynasty, the resultant power vacuum was contested by Isin and Larsa, with Babylon and Assyria later joining the fray. In the second half of the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon became the preminent power, a position it largely maintained until the sack by Mursili I in 1531 BC. Note that there are no contemporary accounts of the sack of Babylon. It is inferred from much later documents.[19] [20]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Sumu-abumor Su-abu1830 BC – 1817 BC Contemporary of Ilushumaof Assyria Sumu-la-El1817 BC – 1781 BC Contemporary of Erishum Iof Assyria Sabiumor Sabum1781 BC – 1767 BC Son of Sumu-la-El Apil-Sin1767 BC – 1749 BC Son of Sabium Sin-muballit1748 BC – 1729 BC Son of Apil-Sin Hammurabi1728 BC – 1686 BC Contemporary of Zimri-Limof Mari, Siwe-palar-huppak of Elamand Shamshi-Adad I Samsu-iluna1686 BC – 1648 BC Son of Hammurabi Abi-eshuhor Abieshu1648 BC – 1620 BC Son of Samsu-iluna Ammi-ditana1620 BC – 1583 BC Son of Abi-eshuh Ammi-saduqaor Ammisaduqa1582 BC – 1562 BC Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa Samsu-Ditana1562 BC – 1531 BC Sack of Babylon

Hittite Old Kingdom: Main article: Hittites

The absolute chronology of the Hittite Old Kingdom hinges entirely on the date of the sack of Babylon. In 1531 BC, for reasons that are still extremely unclear, Mursili I marched roughly 500 miles from Aleppo to Babylon, sacked it, and then promptly returned home, never to return. Other than that event, all the available chronological synchronisms are local to the region in and near Anatolia.

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Pusarruma Labarna I Hattusili Ior Labarna II1586 BC – 1556 BC Grandfather of Mursili I Mursili I1556 BC – 1526 BC Sacked Babylon in reign of Samsu-Ditanaof Babylon Hantili I1526 BC – 1496 BC Zidanta I1496 BC – 1486 BC Ammuna1486 BC – 1466 BC Son of Hantili I Huzziya I1466 BC – 1461 BC Son of Ammuna

Late Bronze Age

Further information: Bronze Age collapse

The Middle Assyrian period (14th to 12th centuries)

Third Babylon Dynasty (Kassite): Main article: Kassites

The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-Iluna of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Some undetermined amount of time after the fall of Babylon, the Kassites established a new Babylonian dynasty. The Babylonian king list identifies 36 kings reigning 576 years, however, only about 18 names are legible. A few more were identified by inscriptions. There is some confusion in the middle part of the dynasty because of conflicts between the Synchronistic Chronicle and Chronicle P. The later kings are well attested from kudurru steles. Relative dating is from sychronisms with Egypt, Assyria and the Hittites. The dynasty ends with the defeat of Enlil-nadin-ahi by Elam. [21] [22] [23] [24]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Agum II or Agum-Kakrime| Burnaburiash I Treaty with Puzur-Ashur IIIof AssyriaKashtiliash III Ulamburiash Conquers the first Sealanddynasty Agum IIIKaraindash Contemporary of Amenophis IIIof EgyptKadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I1374 BC – 1360 BC Contemporary of Amenophis IIIof the Egyptian Amarna letters Burnaburiash II1359 BC – 1333 BC Contemporary of Akhenatenand Ashur-uballit IKara-hardash 1333 BC Grandson of Ashur-uballit Iof AssyriaNazi-Bugash or Shuzigash 1333 BC Kurigalzu II 1332 BC – 1308 BC Son of Burnaburiash II, Fought Battle of Sugagi with Enlil-nirariof Assyria Nazi-Maruttash1307 BC – 1282 BC Contemporary of Adad-nirari Iof AssyriaKadashman-Turgu 1281 BC – 1264 BC Contemporary of Hattusili IIIof the HittitesKadashman-Enlil II 1263 BC – 1255 BC Contemporary of Hattusili IIIof the HittitesKudur-Enlil 1254 BC – 1246 BC Shagarakti-Shuriash 1245 BC – 1233 BC Son of Kudur-Enlil Kashtiliashu IV1232 BC – 1225 BC Contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta Iof AssyriaEnlil-nadin-shumi 1224 BC Assyriainstalled governor Kadashman-Harbe II 1223 BC Assyriainstalled governor Adad-shuma-iddina 1222 BC – 1217 BC Assyriainstalled governor Adad-shuma-usur 1216 BC – 1187 BC Contemporary of Ashur-nirari IIIof Assyria Meli-Shipak II1186 BC – 1172 BC Marduk-apla-iddina I1171 BC – 1159 BC Zababa-shuma-iddin 1158 BC Enlil-nadin-ahi 1157 BC – 1155 BC Defeated by Shutruk-Nahhunteof Elam

Mitanni: Main article: Mitanni

Perhaps because the capital of Mitanni, Washukanni, has not yet been found, there are no available king lists, year lists, or royal inscriptions. Fortunately, a fair amount of diplomatic, Hittite, and Assyrian sources exist to firm up the chronology. Having become powerful under Shaushtatar, Mitanni eventually falls into the traditional trap of dynasties, the contest for succession. Tushratta and Artatama II both claim the kingship and the Hittites and Assyrians take advantage of the situation. After that, Mitanni was no longer a factor in the region. [25] [26]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Kirtaca. 1500 BC Parshatataror ParrattarnaSon of Kirta ShaushtatarContemporary of Idrimiof Alalakh, Sacks Ashur Artatama ITreaty with Pharoah Thutmose IVof Egypt, Contemporary of Pharoah Amenhotep IIof Egypt Shuttarna IIDaughter marries Pharoah Amenhotep IIIof Egyptin his year 10 ArtashumaraSon of Shutarna II, brief reign Tushrattaca. 1350 BC Contemporary of Suppiluliuma Iof the Hittitesand Pharoahs Amenhotep IIIand Amenhotep IVof Egypt, Amarna letters Artatama IITreaty with Suppiluliuma Iof the Hittites, ruled same time as Tushratta Shuttarna IIIContemporary of Suppiluliuma Iof the Hittites ShattiwazaMitanni becomes vassal of the Hittite Empire Shattuara IMittani becomes vassal of Assyriaunder Adad-nirari I WasashattaSon of Shattuara I

Assyrian Middle Kingdom: Main article: Assyria

Long a minor player, after the defeat of its neighbor Mitanni by the Hittites, Assyria rises to the ranks of a major power under Ashur-uballit I. The period is marked by conflict with rivals Babylon and the Hittites as well as diplomatic exchanges with Egypt, in the Amarna letters. Note that after the excavation, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, of various Neo-Assyrian documents, such as the Assyrian king list, scholars assumed that the chronological data for earlier Assyrian periods could be taken as accurate history. That view has changed over the years and the early Assyrian chronology is being re-assessed. Since there is yet no consensus, the traditional order and regnal lengths will be followed. [27] [28] [29]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Eriba-Adad I1380 BC – 1353 BC Ashur-uballit I1353 BC – 1318 BC Contemporary of Burnaburiash IIof Babylonand Suppiluliuma Iof the Hittites Enlil-nirari1317 BC – 1308 BC Fought Battle of Sugagi with Kurigalzu II of Babylon, Son of Ashur-uballit I Arik-den-ili1307 BC – 1296 BC Adad-nirari I1295 BC – 1264 BC Contemporary of Shattuara Iand Wasashattaof Mitanni Shalmaneser I1263 BC – 1234 BC Son of Adad-nirari I Tukulti-Ninurta I1233 BC – 1197 BC Contemporary of Kashtiliashu IVof Babylon Ashur-nadin-apli1196 BC – 1194 BC Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nirari III1193 BC – 1188 BC Contemporary of Adad-shuma-usur of Babylonand Son of Ashur-nadin-apli Enlil-kudurri-usur1187 BC – 1183 BC Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I Ninurta-apal-Ekur1182 BC – 1180 BC Ashur-Dan I1179 BC – 1134 BC Son of Ninurta-apal-Ekur

Hittite New Kingdom: Main article: Hittites

Beginning under his father, Suppiluliuma I brought the Hittites from obscurity into an empire that lasts for almost 150 years. The Hittite New Kingdom reaches it's height after the defeat of Mitanni, an event which ironically leads to the rise of Assyria. The dynasty ends with the destruction of Hattusa by parties undetermined but which may have included the Sea People and the Kaskians. [30] [31] [32] [33]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Tudhaliya III1360 BC – 1344 BC Son of Tudhaliya II Suppiluliuma I1344 BC – 1322 BC Son of Tudhaliya III, Contemporary of Tushrattaof Mitanni Arnuwanda II1322 BC – 1321 BC Son of Suppiluliuma I Mursili II1321 BC – 1295 BC Son of Suppiluliuma I; Mursili's eclipse Muwatalli II1295 BC – 1272 BC Son of Mursili II, Battle of Kadeshin year 5 of Ramses IIof Egypt, Mursili IIIor Urhi-Teshub1272 BC – 1267 BC Son of Muwatalli II Hattusili III1267 BC – 1237 BC Treaty in year 21 of Ramses IIof Egypt, Contemporary of Shalmaneser Iof Assyria& Kadashman-Turgu of Babylon Tudhaliya IV1237 BC – 1209 BC Son of Hattusili III, Battle of Nihriya Arnuwanda III1209 BC – 1207 BC Son of Tudhaliya IV Suppiluliuma II1207 BC – 1178 BC Son of Tudhaliya IV, Fall of Hattusa

Kings of Ugarit: Further information: Ugarit

A client state of Mitanni and later the Hittites, Ugarit was nonetheless a significant player in the region. While regnal lengths and an absolute chronology for Ugarit are not yet available, the known order of kings and some firm synchronisms make it reasonably placeable in time. The fall of Ugarit has been narrowed down to the range from the reign of Pharoah Merneptah to the 8th year of Pharoah Rameses III of Egypt. This is roughly the same time that Hattusa is destroyed. [34] [35]

Ruler Proposed reign Notes Ammittamru Ica. 1350 BC Niqmaddu IIContemporary of Suppiluliuma Iof the Hittites Arhalba NiqmepaTreaty with Mursili IIof the Hittites, Son of Niqmadu II, Ammittamru IIContemporary of Bentisina of Amurru, Son of Niqmepa Ibiranu Niqmaddu III Ammurapica. 1200 BC Contemporary of Chancellor Bayof Egypt, Ugarit is destroyed

Iron Age

Further information: Neo-Hittite

The Early Iron Age (12th to 7th centuries BC). The chronology here is well established and not subject to the long/short distinction.

Middle-Assyrian period

The 12th to 11th centuries fall into the Early Iron Age, but are still counted as belonging to the Middle Assyrian period:

Ruler Reign Notes Ashur-Dan I 1179- 1133 BC Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 1133 BC Mutakkil-nusku 1133 BC Ashur-resh-ishi I 1133- 1115 BC Tiglath-Pileser I 1115- 1076 BC Asharid-apal-Ekur 1076- 1074 BC Ashur-bel-kala 1074- 1056 BC Eriba-Adad II 1056- 1054 BC Shamshi-Adad IV 1054- 1050 BC Ashur-nasir-pal I 1050- 1031 BC Shalmaneser II 1031- 1019 BC Ashur-nirari IV 1019- 1013 BC Ashur-rabi II 1013- 972 BC Ashur-resh-ishi II 972- 967 BC Tiglath-Pileser II 967- 935 BC Ashur-Dan II 935- 912 BC

Neo-Assyrian Empire: Main article: Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Assyrian empire rises to become the dominant power in the ancient Near East for over two centuries. This occurs despite the efforts of various other strong groups that existed in this period, including Babylon, Urartu, Damascus, Elam, and Egypt. [36] [37] [38]

Ruler Reign Notes Adad-nirari II912 BC – 891 BC Tukulti-Ninurta II890 BC – 884 BC Son of Adad-nirari II Assur-nasir-pal II883 BC – 859 BC Son of Tukulti-Ninurta II Shalmaneser III858 BC – 824 BC Battle of Qarqar Shamshi-Adad V823 BC – 811 BC Treaty with Marduk-zakir-sumi Iof Babylon Adad-nirari III810 BC – 783 BC Regent Shammu-ramat Shalmaneser IV782 BC – 773 BC Son of Adad-nirari III Ashur-Dan III772 BC – 755 BC Eclipse on June 15 763 BC Ashur-nirari V754 BC – 745 BC Tiglath-Pileser III744 BC – 727 BC Contemporary of Nabonassarof Babylon Shalmaneser V726 BC – 722 BC Contemporary of Rusas Iof Urartu Sargon II721 BC – 705 BC Contemporary of Marduk-apla-iddina IIof Babylon Sennacherib704 BC – 681 BC Contemporary of Shutruk-Nahhunte II of Elam Esarhaddon680 BC – 669 BC Contemporary of Pharoah Taharqaof Egypt Assurbanipal668 BC – 631 BC

Babylon: Further information: Kings of Babylon

Dynasties IV to X of Babylon (post-Kassite):

Ruler Reign Notes Marduk-kabit-ahhešu 1155-1146 BCDynasty IV, from IsinItti-Marduk-balatu 1146-1132 BCNinurta-nadin-šumi 1132-1126 BCNabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadnezzar I) 1126-1103 BC Enlil-nadin-apli 1103-1100 BC Marduk-nadin-ahhe 1100-1082 BCMarduk-šapik-zeri 1082-1069 BCAdad-apla-iddina 1069-1046 BCMarduk-ahhe-eriba 1046 BCMarduk-zer-X 1046-1033 BCNabu-šum-libur 1033-1025 BCSimbar-šipak 1025-1008 BCDynasty V Ea-mukin-šumi 1008 BCKaššu-nadin 1008-1004 BCEulma-šakin-šumi 1004-987 BCDynasty VI Ninurta-kudurri-usur 987-985 BCŠiriqti-šuqamunu 985 BCMar-biti-apla-usur 985-979 BCDynasty VII Nabu-mukin-apli 979-943 BCDynasty VIII Ninurta-kudurri-usur 943 BCDynasty IX Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 943-c.920 BCŠamaš-mudammiq c.920-900 BCNabu-šuma-ukin 900-888 BCNabu-apla-iddina 888-855 BC Marduk-zakir-šumi I 855-819 BCMarduk-balassu-iqbi 819-813 BCBaba-aha-iddina 813-811 BC5 kings 811-c.800 BCNinurta-apla-X c.800-c.790 BCMarduk-bel-zeri c.790-c.780 BCMarduk-apla-usur c.780-769 BCEriba-Marduk 769-761 BCNabu-šuma-iškun 761-748 BC Nabonassar(Nabu-nasir) 748-734 BCFrom this point on, the Babylonian chronology is securely known via Ptolemy's Canon of Kingsand other sources. Nabu-nadin-zeri 734-732 BCNabu-šuma-ukin II 732 BCNabu-mukin-zeri 732-729 BCDynasty X, Assyrian rule Tiglath-Pileser III 729-727 BC Shalmaneser V 727-722 BC Marduk -apla-iddina II 722-710 BCthe Biblical Merodach-Baladan Šarrukin (Sargon) II of Assyria 710-705 BCSin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria 705-703 BC Marduk -zakir-šumi II 703 BC Marduk -apla-iddina II 703 BC(restored) Bel-ibni 703-700 BC Aššur -nadin-šumi 700-694 BCson of Sennacheribof Assyria Nergal -ušezib 694-693 BC Mušezib-Marduk 693-689 BCAssyrian Sack of Babylon, 689 BC; Babylon is rebuilt by Esarhaddonof Assyria in the 670s BCSin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria 689-681 BC Aššur-ahha-iddina (Esarhaddon) of Assyria 681-669 BC Šamaš -šum-ukin 668-648 BCson of Esarhaddon Kandalanu 648-627 BC Sin-shumu-lishir 626 BCOnly parts, included the city Babylon. Sinsharishkunca. 627 BC- 620Lost control over Babylonia fast.

Classical Antiquity

For times after Assurbanipal (died 627 BC), see:

Median Empire (728 – 549 BC), see List of Kings of the Medes
Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)

The Hellenistic period begins with the conquests of Alexander the Great in 330 BC.

Notes

^ A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla, Alfonso Archi, Maria Giovanna Biga, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 55, 2003, pp. 1-44
^ Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions: Presargonic Inscriptions, Jerold S. Cooper, Eisenbrauns, 1986, ISBN 094049082X
^ The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization, H. Weiss et al, Science, Aug 20, pp. 995-1004, 1993
^ [1]Historical Perception in the Sargonic Literary Tradition. The Implication of Copied Texts, Rosetta 1, pp 1-9, 2006
^ The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113), Douglas R. Frayne, University Of Toronto Press, 1993, ISBN 0802005934
^ Reallexikon der Assyriologie by Erich Ebling, Bruno Meissner, 1993, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 311003705X
^ Gudea and His Dynasty, Dietz Otto Edzard, 1997, University of Toronto Press ISBN 0802041876
^ [2] The Calendar of Neo-Sumerian Ur and Its Political Significance, Magnus Widell, University of Chicago, 2004
^ A Sumerian reading-book, C.J Gadd, The Clarendon Press, 1924
^ The Ancient Near East: C.3000-330 B.C. By Amélie Kuhrt, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0415167620
^ Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC) by Douglas Frayne, University of Toronto Press, 1997, ISBN 0802041981
^ [3]The ruling family of Ur III Umma. A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years ago, J.L. Dahl, UCLA disertation, 2003
^ [4] "Ancient Eclipses and Dating the Fall of Babylon", Boris Banjevic, Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade No. 80 (2006), 251 - 257
^ [5] Kings of Isin Year Names
^ The Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595), Douglas R. Frayne, University Of Toronto Press, 1990, ISBN 0802058736
^ [6]The Rulers of Larsa, M. Fitzgerald, Yale University Disertation, 2002
^ Larsa Year Names, Marcel Segrist, Andrews University Press, 1990, ISBN 0943872545
^ Chronology of the Larsa Dynasty, E.M. Grice , C.E. Keiser, M. Jastrow, AMS Press, 1979, ISBN 0404602746
^ [7] Chronicle of early kings at Livius.org
^ [8] The Proclamation of Telipinu
^ The Collapse of a Complex State, A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon 1683-1597 B.C., Seth Richardson, dissertation, Columbia University, 2002
^ Materials and Studies For Kassite History, J. A. Brinkman, The Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago, 1976
^ The Kassites of Ancient Mesopotamian: Origins, Politics, and Culture, Walter Sommerfield, vol 2 of J. M. Sasson ed. "Civilizations of the Ancient Near East", Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995
^ The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology, Albrecht Goetze, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1964, pp. 97-101
^ [9] Pharaoh and his Brothers, S Jakob
^ Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East, Trevor Bryce, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 041525857X
^ Comments on the Nassouhi Kinglist and the Assyrian Kinglist Tradition, J.A. Brinkman, Orientalia N.S 42, 1973
^ Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC, A.K. Grayson, University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 0802026052
^ The Chronology of Ancient Assyria Re-assessed, B. Newgrosh, JACF, vol. 08, pp. 78-106, 1999
^ [10] Bryce, T., 'The 'Eternal Treaty' from the Hittite perspective', BMSAES 6 (2006), 1-11
^ [11] Sürenhagen, D., 'Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses treaty', BMSAES 6 (2006), 59-67
^ Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. EISENBRAUNS, 2003, ISBN 1575060795
^ Hittite Diplomatic Texts, G Brinkman, Scholars Press, 1999, ISBN 0788505513
^ Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, edited by Wilfred G. E. Watson and Nicolas Wyatt, Brill, 1999, ISBN 9004109889
^ The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, Marguerite Yon, Eisenbrauns, 2006, ISBN 1575060299
^ Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, T. J. Wilkinson, E. B. Wilkinson, J. Ur, M. Altaweel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Nov 2005
^ [12] Neo-Assyrian Eponym List - Livius.org
^ [13] Empires and Exploitation: The Neo-Assyrian Empire, P Bedford, WA Perth, 2001

References

Chronology at the Crossroads: The Late Bronze Age in Western Asia, Bernard Newgrosh, Troubador Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1906221626
The Kingdom of the Hittites. (New Edition.), Trevor Bryce, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0199281327
A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC, Marc Van De Mieroop, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 1405149116
Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City, Gwendolyn Leick, Penguin , 2003, ISBN 0140265740
H.Gasche, J.A.Armstrong, S.W.Cole and V.G.Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon (1998).