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List of Solar System objects by mass

Lists of Solar Systemobjects
by orbit · by mass · by radius · by name · by surface gravityNatural satellites
by primary · by diameter · by date of discovery · by name

This is a list of Solar System objects by mass, in decreasing order. This list is incomplete because the masses of many minor planets are not accurately known.

The ordering is similar to the order of a list of Solar System objects by radius. Some objects are smaller, but denser, than others. Neptune, for example, is more massive than Uranus despite being smaller. Likewise, Mercury is much more massive than both Ganymede and Titan despite being smaller.

The image is of the masses of the heaviest objects
Note: Satellites have been designated by an asterisk.

Contents

Yottagram range

Following is a list of Solar System objects more massive than 1021 kilograms (one yottagram [Yg]). Even the least massive of these objects is an approximate sphere.[1] Eris, a distant trans-Neptunian object, is larger than Pluto and has a reliable approximated mass. See also List of planetary bodies.

Photographs of objects are on a black background; artists' impressions are on a grey background.
Rank Name Image Mass in Yg Mass in kgMass (vs. Earth) Type of object 1 Sun1,989,100,000 Yg 1.9891 × 1030 kg[2]332837 star2 Jupiter1,899,000 Yg 1.899 × 1027 kg 318.721 5th planet3 Saturn568,460 Yg 5.6846 × 1026 kg 95.152 6th planet4 Neptune102,430 Yg 1.0243 × 1026 kg 17.145 8th planet5 Uranus86,832 Yg 8.6832 × 1025 kg 14.534 7th planet6 Earth5,974.2 Yg 5.9742 × 1024 kg 1 3rd planet7 Venus4,868.5 Yg 4.8685 × 1024 kg 0.88112 2nd planet8 Mars641.85 Yg 6.4185 × 1023 kg 0.107 4th planet9 Mercury330.2 Yg 3.302 × 1023 kg 0.0553 1st planet10 * Ganymede148.2 Yg 1.482 × 1023 kg 0.0248 satellite of Jupiter11 * Titan134.5 Yg 1.345 × 1023 kg 0.0225 satellite of Saturn12 * Callisto107.6 Yg 1.076 × 1023 kg 0.018 satellite of Jupiter13 * Io89.3 Yg 8.9319 × 1022 kg 0.015 satellite of Jupiter14 * Moon73.5 Yg 7.3477 × 1022 kg 0.0123 satellite of Earth15 * Europa48.0 Yg 4.80 × 1022 kg 0.00803 satellite of Jupiter16 * Triton21.5 Yg 2.147 × 1022 kg 0.00359 satellite of Neptune17 Eris16.6 Yg 1.67 × 1022 kg [3]~0.0027 dwarf planet18 Pluto13.1 Yg 1.305 ± 0.007 × 1022 kg ~0.0022 dwarf planet19 (136108) 2003 EL61
("Santa") 4.2 Yg 4.2 ± 0.1 × 1021 kg ~0.00069 Kuiper beltobject 20 (136472) 2005 FY9
("Easter Bunny") ~4 Yg ~4 × 1021 kg ~0.00067 Kuiper beltobject 21 * Titania3.5 Yg 3.526 × 1021 kg ~0.00059 satellite of Uranus22 * Oberon3.0 Yg 3.014 × 1021 kg ~0.00050 satellite of Uranus23 90377 Sedna~3 Yg ~3 × 1021 kg ~0.00050 TNO24 * Rhea2.3 Yg 2.3166 × 1021 kg ~0.00039 satellite of Saturn25 50000 Quaoar~2 Yg ~2 × 1021 kg ~0.00033 TNO26 * Iapetus2.0 Yg 1.9739 × 1021 kg ~0.00033 satellite of Saturn27 * Charon1.5 Yg 1.52 ± 0.06 × 1021 kg ~0.00025 satellite of Pluto28 * Ariel1.4 Yg 1.35 × 1021 kg ~0.00022 satellite of Uranus29 * Umbriel1.2 Yg 1.2 × 1021 kg ~0.00020 satellite of Uranus30 * Dione1.1 Yg 1.096 × 1021 kg ~0.00018 satellite of Saturn
Leading asterisks (*) mark satellites.

Zettagram range

Objects of mass between 1018 kg to 1021 kg (1 to 1000 Zettagrams (Zg) ). The larger objects in this range, such as Tethys, Ceres, and Mimas, have relaxed to an equilibrium oblate spheroid due to their gravity, while the less massive (e. g. Amalthea and Janus) are roughly rounded, but not spherical, dubbed "irregular". All the spheroidal bodies have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, but a characteristic feature of the "irregular"-shaped bodies is that there is a significant difference in the length of their two equatorial diameters.

It has been suggested that trans-Neptunian objects be cut off around 1020 kg (see discussion).
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Name Image Mass in kgType of object Shape Ceres9.5 × 1020 kg dwarf planetoblate spheroid90482 Orcus~6.2 × 1020 kg TNOunknown * Tethys6.173 × 1020 kg satellite of Saturnprolate spheroid20000 Varuna~5.9 × 1020 kg TNOunknown 4 Vesta2.7 × 1020 kg asteroidoblate spheroid15874 1996 TL66~2.6 × 1020 kg SDOunknown 2 Pallas2.2 × 1020 kg asteroidirregular * Enceladus1.08 × 1020 kg satellite of Saturnprolate spheroid10 Hygiea9 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 511 Davida~6.6 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular * Miranda6.59 × 1019 kg satellite of Uranusprolate spheroid704 Interamnia6 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular * Proteus5 × 1019 kg satellite of Neptuneirregular 52 Europa~5 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular * Mimas3.752 × 1019 kg satellite of Saturnprolate spheroid* Nereid3.1 × 1019 kg satellite of Neptuneirregular 15 Eunomia3.3 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 3 Juno3.0 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 16 Psyche~1.7 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 31 Euphrosyne~1.69 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 87 Sylvia1.478 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 6 Hebe~1.4 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 624 Hektor~1.4 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 130 Elektra1.28 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 65 Cybele~1.15 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 107 Camilla1.09 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 7 Iris1.0 × 1019 kg asteroidirregular 324 Bamberga1.0 × 1019 kg asteroidunknown 9 Metis~9 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular * Phoebe8.3 × 1018 kg satellite of Saturnirregular * Amalthea7.43 × 1018 kg satellite of Jupiterirregular * Himalia6.74 × 1018 kg satellite of Jupiterirregular 22 Kalliope6.3 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular 45 Eugenia5.8 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular * Hyperion5.58 × 1018 kg satellite of Saturnirregular 121 Hermione5.4 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular 20 Massalia5.2 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular * Larissa~4 × 1018 kg satellite of Neptuneirregular 8 Flora~3.6 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular 85 Io~3.4 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular * Puck~2.9 × 1018 kg satellite of Uranusirregular 2060 Chiron~2.7 × 1018 kg centaurirregular 5 Astraea~2.4 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular * Sycorax~2.3 × 1018 kg satellite of Uranusirregular * Galatea2.12 × 1018 kg satellite of Neptuneirregular * Despina~2.1 × 1018 kg satellite of Neptuneirregular * Janus1.912 × 1018 kg satellite of Saturnirregular * Portia~1.7 × 1018 kg satellite of Uranusirregular 141 Lumen~1.6 × 1018 kg asteroid* Thebe1.5 × 1018 kg satellite of Jupiterirregular 140 Siwa~1.5 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular 159 Aemilia~1.4 × 1018 kg asteroid21 Lutetia~1.3 × 1018 kg asteroidirregular 100 Hekate~1.0 × 1018 kg asteroid

Exagram range

Objects of mass between 1015 kg to 1018 kg (1 to 1000 Exagrams (Eg) ). These objects are not spherical.

Only unusually notable asteroids (e.g. visited by spacecraft, imaged by radar, mass precisely known, otherwise peculiar) are listed in this section
Name Image Mass in kgType of object * Elara8.7 × 1017 kg satellite of Jupiter* Juliet~5.6 × 1017 kg satellite of Uranus* Epimetheus5.30 × 1017 kg satellite of Saturn90 Antiope4.1 × 1017 kg asteroid(half of 90 Antiopebinary) S/2000 (90) 14.1 × 1017 kg asteroid(half of 90 Antiopebinary) * Belinda~3.6 × 1017 kg satellite of Uranus* Thalassa~3.5 × 1017 kg satellite of Neptune* Cressida~3.4 × 1017 kg satellite of Uranus* Pasiphaë3.0 × 1017 kg satellite of Jupiter* Rosalind~2.5 × 1017 kg satellite of Uranus* Caliban~2.5 × 1017 kg satellite of Uranus* Naiad~1.9 × 1017 kg satellite of Neptune* Desdemona~1.8 × 1017 kg satellite of Uranus* Prometheus1.57 × 1017 kg satellite of Saturn* Pandora1.36 × 1017 kg satellite of Saturn* Carme1.3 × 1017 kg satellite of Jupiter253 Mathilde1.033 × 1017 kg asteroid* Metis9.5467 × 1016 kg satellite of Jupiter* Bianca~9.2 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus* Prospero~8.5 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus* Sinope7.6 × 1016 kg satellite of Jupiter* Setebos~7.5 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus* Hydra~7 × 1016 kg satellite of Pluto* Nix~7 × 1016 kg satellite of Pluto* Lysithea6.3 × 1016 kg satellite of Jupiter* Linus~6 × 1016 kg satelliteof 22 Kalliope* Ophelia~5.4 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus* Cordelia~4.4 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus243 Ida4.2 × 1016 kg asteroid* Ananke3.82 × 1016 kg satellite of Jupiter* Adrastea1.8894 × 1016 kg satellite of Jupiter* Psamathe~1.5 × 1016 kg satellite of Neptune1036 Ganymed3.3 × 1016 kg near-Earth asteroid* Stephano~2.2 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus* Perdita~1.3 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus* Leda1.09 × 1016 kg satellite of Jupiter* Phobos1.08 × 1016 kg satellite of Mars* Mab~1.0 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus2685 Masursky0.5–1.1 × 1016 kg asteroid433 Eros7.2 × 1015 kg asteroid* Francisco~7.2 × 1016 kg satellite of Uranus* Atlas6.6 × 1015 kg satellite of Saturn* Ferdinand~5.4 × 1015 kg satellite of Uranus* Margaret~5.4 × 1015 kg satellite of Uranus* Pan4.9 × 1015 kg satellite of Saturn* Romulus~4 × 1015 kg satelliteof 87 Sylvia* Trinculo~3.9 × 1015 kg Satellite of Uranus* Cupid~3.8 × 1015 kg satellite of Uranus951 Gaspra2–3 × 1015 kg asteroid* Deimos2.2 × 1015 kg satellite of Mars* S/2002 (121) 1~1.6 × 1015 kg satelliteof 121 Hermione* S/2001 (107) 1~1.5 × 1015 kg satelliteof 107 Camilla* Petit-Prince~1.2 × 1015 kg satelliteof 45 Eugenia

Petagram range

Objects of mass between 1012 kg to 1015 kg (less than 1000 Petagrams (Pg) ). A few of the smallest of the irregular satellites of the gas planets are listed here, as well as the largest near-Earth asteroids due to unusual interest for their nearness. (See also: list of NEAs by distance from Sun.) Other NEOs that are not asteroids (e. g. inner-solar-system comets) are almost always less massive than 1 Pg.

Name Mass in kgType of object * Themisto~6.89 × 1014 kg Satellite of Jupiter4179 Toutatis~5.0 × 1013 kg NEA, Apollo, Mars-crosser* Carpo~4.5 × 1014 kg Satellite of Jupiter* S/2003 (130) 1~4 × 1014 kg satelliteof 130 Elektra* Remus~2 × 1014 kg satelliteof 87 Sylvia* Pallene~4.35 × 1013 kg Satellite of Saturn* Polydeuces~3 × 1013 kg Satellite of Saturn* Methone~1.85 × 1013 kg Satellite of Saturn* Euporie~1.5 × 1013 kg Satellite of Jupiter1862 Apollo~5.1 × 1012 kg NEA, Venus-crosser, Mars-crosser1620 Geographos~4.0 × 1012 kg[4]NEA, Mars-crosser1566 Icarus~2.9 × 1012 kg NEA, Venus-crosser, Mars-crosser, Mercury-crosser2007 CA19~1.2 × 1012 kg NEA

Teragram range

Objects of mass between 109 kg to 1012 kg (less than 1000 Teragrams (Tg) ). Currently all the bodies listed here are Near-Earth asteroids (See also: list of NEAs by distance from Sun.)

Name Mass in kg2062 Aten~7.6 × 1011 kg 4769 Castalia~5.0 × 1011 kg (144898) 2004 VD17~3 × 1011 kg [5]99942 Apophis(2004 MN4) ~5 × 1010 kg [5]1994 WR12 ~2 × 109 kg [5]

Gigagram range

Objects of mass between 106 kg to 109 kg (less than 1000 Gigagrams (Gg) ). Currently all the objects listed here are Near-Earth asteroids (See also: list of NEAs by distance from Sun.)

Name Mass in kg2000 SG344~7 × 107 kg [5]2006 QV89 ~4 × 107 kg [5]

Omissions

Many of these values were taken directly from the appropriate Wikipedia article. Some were taken from the Planetary Fact Sheets. The mass of 20000 Varuna was estimated based on values given at [1] for its diameter and density. Several large objects, such as 28978 Ixion, are not listed because their masses are not yet given on their main articles. 24 Themis is not listed because of controversy about its density (see Talk:24 Themis). Eris has been given an estimate based on its size, the orbit of Dysnomia, and likely composition.

References

  1. ^ Astronomical bodies form into rounded shapes (oblate spheroids) when the gravity of their own mass is sufficient to overcome the structural stength of their intrinsic materials and the friction between those materials. This is called gravitational collapse.
  2. ^ "Sun Fact Sheet"
  3. ^ M.E. Brown and E.L. Schaller (2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science 316 (5831): 1585. doi:10.1126/science.1139415. 
  4. ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:6ITCa-6NKw4J:www.spds.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/asteroidfact.html+1620+Geographos+mass&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=5
  5. ^ a b c d e Based on an assumed density of 2.6 g/cm³ as given at the NASA NEO impact risk page http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html

See also

Categories: Lists of Solar System objectsHidden category: Incomplete lists

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