Joule

For the physicist named James Prescott Joule, see James Prescott Joule.

The joule (pronounced /ˈdʒuːl/ or /ˈdʒaʊl/) (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy measuring heat, electricity and mechanical work. It was named after English physicist James Prescott Joule.

1 Description
2 History
3 Conversions
- 3.1 SI multiples
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Description

One joule is the work done, or energy expended, by a force of one newton moving one metre along the direction of the force. This quantity is also denoted as a newton metre with the symbol N·m. Note that torque also has the same units as work, but the quantities are not the same. In elementary units:

One joule is also:

The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt; or one coulomb volt, with the symbol C·V.
The work done to produce power of one watt continuously for one second; or one watt second (compare kilowatt hour), with the symbol W·s. Thus a kilowatt hour is 3,600,000 joules or 3.6 megajoules
The kinetic energy of a 2 kg mass moving at a velocity of 1 m/sec. The energy is linear in the mass but quadratic in the velocity, being given by E = ½mv².
The potential energy of a 1 kg mass at an elevation of 1 m above a reference point in a gravitational field of 1 m/s². Earth's gravity being 9.81 m/s² at sea level, 1 kg at 1 m above the Earth's surface has a potential energy of 9.8 joules relative to that surface. When dropped the potential energy gradually becomes kinetic energy, with the conversion being complete at the instant the mass passes the reference point. Whereas kinetic energy is relative to an inertial frame, in this case that of the earth, potential energy is relative to a position, in this case the Earth's surface.

History

A joule is the mechanical equivalent of heat meaning the number of units of work in which the unit of heat can perform. Its value was found by James Prescott Joule in experiments that showed the mechanical energy Joule's equivalent, and represented by the symbol J. The term was first introduced by Dr. Mayer of Heilbronn.

Conversions

Main article: Conversion of units#Energy, work, or heat

1 joule is exactly 107 ergs.

1 joule is approximately equal to:

6.2415 ×1018 eV (electronvolts)
0.2390 cal (calorie) (small calories, lower case c)
2.3901 ×10−4 kilocalorie, Calories (food energy, upper case C)
9.4782 ×10−4 BTU (British thermal unit)
0.7376 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)
23.7 ft·pdl (foot poundals)
2.7778 ×10−7 kilowatt hour
2.7778 ×10−4 watt hour
9.8692 ×10−3 litre-atmosphere

1 joule in everyday life is approximately:

the energy required to lift a small apple one metre straight up.
the energy released when that same apple falls one meter to the ground.
the amount of energy, as heat, that a quiet person generates every hundredth of a second.
the energy required to heat one gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius.
one hundredth of the energy a person can get by drinking a single drop of beer.
the kinetic energy of an adult human moving a distance of about a handspan every second.

Units defined in terms of the joule include:

1 thermochemical calorie = 4.184 J
1 International Table calorie = 4.1868 J
1 watt hour = 3600 J
1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 ×106 J (or 3.6 MJ)
1 ton TNT = 4.184 GJ

Useful to remember:

1 joule = 1 newton metre = 1 watt second

SI multiples

SI multiples for joule (J) Submultiples Multiples Value Symbol Name Value Symbol Name 10–1 J dJ decijoule 101 J daJ decajoule 10–2 J cJ centijoule 102 J hJ hectojoule 10–3 J mJ millijoule 103 J kJ kilojoule 10–6 J µJ microjoule 106 J MJ megajoule 10–9 J nJ nanojoule 109 J GJ gigajoule 10–12 J pJ picojoule 1012 J TJ terajoule 10–15 J fJ femtojoule 1015 J PJ petajoule 10–18 J aJ attojoule 1018 J EJ exajoule 10–21 J zJ zeptojoule 1021 J ZJ zettajoule 10–24 J yJ yoctojoule 1024 J YJ yottajoule Common multiples are in bold face

This SIunit is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit whose name is derived from the proper name of a person, the first letter of its symbolis uppercase(J). When an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lowercaseletter (joule), except where any word would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.

References

The adoption of joules as units of energy, FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Energy and Protein, 1971. A report on the changeover from calories to joules in nutrition.