Portal:Analytical chemistry

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The Analytical_chemistry Portal

Analytical chemistry is the study of the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials. Unlike other major sub disciplines of chemistry such as inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry, analytical chemistry is not restricted to any particular type of chemical compound or reaction. Proporties studied in analytical chemistry include geometric features such as molecular morphologies and distributions of species, as well as features such as composition and species identity. The contributions made by analytical chemists have played critical roles in the sciences ranging from the development of concepts and theories (pure science) to a variety of practical applications, such as biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, quality control of industrial manufacturing and forensic science (applied science).

Traditionally, analytical chemistry has been split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative:

Qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given element or inorganic compound in a sample.
Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample.
Quantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a given element or compound in a sample.

Most modern analytical chemistry is categorized by two different approaches such as analytical targets or analytical methods. Analytical Chemistry (journal) reviews two different approaches alternatively in the issue 12 of each year.(see Methods and Applications Box below)

the gathered data is analysed later using calibration curve . Sometimes an internal standard is added at a known concentration directly to an analytical sample to aid in quantitation. The amount of analyte present is then determined relative to the internal standard as a calibrant.

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Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between radiation (electromagnetic radiation, or light, as well as particle radiation) and matter. Spectrometry is the measurement of these interactions and an instrument which performs such measurements is a spectrometer or spectrograph. A plot of the interaction is referred to as a spectrum.

Historically, spectroscopy referred to a branch of science in which visible light was used for the theoretical study of the structure of matter and for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Recently, however, the definition has broadened as new techniques have been developed that utilise not only visible light, but many other forms of radiation.

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300 MHz NMR Spectrometer edit

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Soxhlet extractor

Franz Ritter von Soxhlet (January 12, 1848– May 5,1926) was a German agricultural chemist from Brno. He invented the Soxhlet extractor in 1879 and in 1886 he proposed that pasteurization be applied to milk.

A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet [1]. It was originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a solid material. However, a Soxhlet extractor is not limited to the extraction of lipids. Typically, a Soxhlet extraction is only required where the desired compound has only a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. If the desired compound has a high solubility in a solvent then a simple filtration can be used to separate the compound from the insoluble substance.

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Methods_and_Applications

By Analytical Targets

Bioanalytical chemistry
Material analysis
Chemical analysis
Environmental analysis
Forensics

By Analytical Methods

Traditional : Titration & Gravimetric analysis
Spectroscopy: Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Mass Spectrometry
thermogravimetric analysis
Separation process : such as Chromatography and Electrophoresis
Crystallography
Microscopy
Electrochemistry
Complete List and List of materials analysis methods

or Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques :

LC-MS (or HPLC-MS)
HPLC/ESI-MS
LC-DAD
CE-MS
CE-UV
GC-MS

Applications

Genomics - DNA sequencing and its related research. Genetic fingerprinting and DNA microarray are very popular tools and research fields.
Proteomics - the analysis of protein concentrations and modifications, especially in response to various stressors, at various developmental stages, or in various parts of the body.
Metabolomics - similar to proteomics, but dealing with metabolites.
Transcriptomics- mRNA and its associated field
Lipidomics - lipids and its associated field
Peptidomics - peptides and its associated field
Metalomics - similar to proteomics and metabolomics, but dealing with metal concentrations and especially with their binding to proteins and other molecules.